Water-saving in different coutries.
United States: it is rich in water resources,and the city water price is low. but in water-saving, Americans are very serious.When you step in the bathroom, you will see this warning: "If it were not particularly dirty, you can take a towel to clean your body instead of opening the tap? " In water-saving aspects, Americans in particular love pipe "chip", and if a water main leak, immediately there will be somebaody to call to the authorities to fix.
Britain: Government guide people to plan their water cost.
British UNEP estimate for each housewives. washing machine water consumption is about 14% of the total water consumption; kitchen dishwasher and pool water is about 7.7 percent of total water consumption and so on. At the same time, the United Kingdom pointed out that UNEP, as long as you will be able to change habits to save a large quantity of water. For example, if the adults in England ,when they close the tap every day when they are brushing,it could save 180,000 tons of water, this quantity is enough to supply 500,000 households. and also there is many information about how to save water on UNEP's site.
Japan: different methods for water saving
To solve the water source shortage in Japan,the gorvernment get many different way to save water. the first is to avoid leakage and saving-water. century since the 80's, Japan is vigorously promoting the use of "miscellaneous water" (referring to renewable sources of water and rain water drainage), for flush toilets, cooling, car washing, street sprinkler, trees use water. Major cities in Japan, many families have a septic tank wastewater treatment. Purification of domestic wastewater treatment that could be the toilet tank and other domestic wastewater effluent to be addressed together, purification, and its purification capacity is almost the capacity of sewage treatment facilities in the same terminal. In addition, the savings and the use of rain water in Japan in recent years, governments at all levels actively promote the effective conservation policies of another.
Israel: a miracle to save water Israel is a serious water shortage in the country. Israel's water-saving techniques can be called a must, and its water-saving devices have been exported to many countries. in Israel, there are two buttons on each toilet, this will savehalf the volume of flushing water. from north to south nationwide universal,it access to the promotion of the micro-irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation technology. Water-saving irrigation technology can be a world leader.
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world climate cause water source shortage and Strategies for it.
At present,the world as a result of rapid population growth, improve people's lives as well as the industry developed, so that increasingly a significant increase in the volume of water supplied.
However, the situation of the world's supply of water resources due to climate change have a great impact the relationship between the world of fresh water for the role of water on Earth is only 3% of all water, and glaciers and polar ice cap on the amount of fresh water can not be accounted for 2%. Thus 40% of the world's population, 80 countries are faced with the risk of water shortage. According to the Swedish scholar Falkenmarks hydrological research and feasibility studies made. In general the per capita volume of 1700m3 per year is not much more than Water scarcity ,1000-1700m3 per year may be between the situation of water shortage, 100Om3 per inadequate water supply in the existing situation, 500m3 per year is the absolute lack of water. Existing international standards require more stringent requirements for the per capita volume of 2000m3 per year for the water edge, 1000m3 per year for at least the demand for human survival.
According to the United Nations estimates that by 2050 there were 44 million people (10 billion the world's population) share of water in the 1700m3 per years, including China.
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However, the situation of the world's supply of water resources due to climate change have a great impact the relationship between the world of fresh water for the role of water on Earth is only 3% of all water, and glaciers and polar ice cap on the amount of fresh water can not be accounted for 2%. Thus 40% of the world's population, 80 countries are faced with the risk of water shortage. According to the Swedish scholar Falkenmarks hydrological research and feasibility studies made. In general the per capita volume of 1700m3 per year is not much more than Water scarcity ,1000-1700m3 per year may be between the situation of water shortage, 100Om3 per inadequate water supply in the existing situation, 500m3 per year is the absolute lack of water. Existing international standards require more stringent requirements for the per capita volume of 2000m3 per year for the water edge, 1000m3 per year for at least the demand for human survival.
According to the United Nations estimates that by 2050 there were 44 million people (10 billion the world's population) share of water in the 1700m3 per years, including China.
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The world's climate as a result of human activities, normally in 10 years will change. The main cause of climate change rising temperatures, increased evaporation of water, snow and the change of snow, surface water flows and so on, these circumstances have on water management and water utilization.
The world climate change, countries have devoted considerable attention to scientific institutions, in June 1992 in Brazil's Rio Lo International Summit, held through the assessment of water resources and water supply, the effects of drought, such as resolution of the investigation. The United Nations based in Geneva, Switzerland, the organization of the world's climate have also been on the marine meteorological conditions of the atmosphere on the water cycle and climate, such as survey information sent. Portugal, Taiwan, Britain, the United States are actively observing the implementation of the climate, especially the United States Marine Meteorological Bureau, the efforts to improve the credibility of the forecast of the El Niño phenomenon, and the provision of the information in this regard.
From 1982 to 1983 as a result of El Nino, the world in economic loss of nearly 1.5 billion U.S. dollars. The future to improve the accuracy of long-term climate forecasts for the world economy.
The impact of the water supply, water supply facilities will have water damage, and also as a result of pollutants flowing into water sources, caused by deterioration of water quality. There is drought, evaporation will concentrate the pollutants, which affect not only the river, and as a result of excessive use of groundwater, but also resulted in decreased level diving. Water supply and drought, and makes handling and operation of water purification and other cost increases, increase the financial burden.
The world climate change, countries have devoted considerable attention to scientific institutions, in June 1992 in Brazil's Rio Lo International Summit, held through the assessment of water resources and water supply, the effects of drought, such as resolution of the investigation. The United Nations based in Geneva, Switzerland, the organization of the world's climate have also been on the marine meteorological conditions of the atmosphere on the water cycle and climate, such as survey information sent. Portugal, Taiwan, Britain, the United States are actively observing the implementation of the climate, especially the United States Marine Meteorological Bureau, the efforts to improve the credibility of the forecast of the El Niño phenomenon, and the provision of the information in this regard.
From 1982 to 1983 as a result of El Nino, the world in economic loss of nearly 1.5 billion U.S. dollars. The future to improve the accuracy of long-term climate forecasts for the world economy.
The impact of the water supply, water supply facilities will have water damage, and also as a result of pollutants flowing into water sources, caused by deterioration of water quality. There is drought, evaporation will concentrate the pollutants, which affect not only the river, and as a result of excessive use of groundwater, but also resulted in decreased level diving. Water supply and drought, and makes handling and operation of water purification and other cost increases, increase the financial burden.
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Water utilities and policy makers of the expert advice to make the following response.
(1) In order to adapt to the new hydrological conditions, water supply facilities should be re-valuation of the design standards, the use of planning, the best facilities and the corresponding plan unexpected accident. In this case, For part of its water supply facilities to change the use of technology or funds to build the structures take countermeasures, is the use of the operation needs to have an efficient response.
(2) based on past weather conditions on the role of water use, verification of future climate change on water supply facilities to use safety.
(3) The sound of water utilities in lieu of themselves to explore the use of energy and energy efficiency means to seek to reduce fossil fuel
Patronage.
(4) continue to investigate and monitor climate change, international scientific organizations to be combined in order to always obtain the latest information on climate change.
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(1) In order to adapt to the new hydrological conditions, water supply facilities should be re-valuation of the design standards, the use of planning, the best facilities and the corresponding plan unexpected accident. In this case, For part of its water supply facilities to change the use of technology or funds to build the structures take countermeasures, is the use of the operation needs to have an efficient response.
(2) based on past weather conditions on the role of water use, verification of future climate change on water supply facilities to use safety.
(3) The sound of water utilities in lieu of themselves to explore the use of energy and energy efficiency means to seek to reduce fossil fuel
Patronage.
(4) continue to investigate and monitor climate change, international scientific organizations to be combined in order to always obtain the latest information on climate change.
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Since the use of fossil fuels, because of the large amount of CO2 emissions of gas, so that the concentration of atmospheric CO2, the level of 1 percent annual increase. At present because of the greenhouse gas CO2, the Earth is warming trend. This article on the global warming impact on the Earth to be explored.
Recent atmospheric circulation patterns, because of the warming effect of CO2 and sulfur oxide gas solution (aerosol) of effects of cold calculation, the temperature of the past tendency to be more reproducible. To predict the future climate change, the calculation also factors to economic growth and environmental protection policy into account.
The use of this model to calculate the size of the entire results of the Earth, in 2050, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, annual average temperature rise in region 1 ℃, the average decline in rainfall, with increased evaporation, river water and groundwater storage reduction. Cities increased as a result of climate, increase the use of water. In the fields, because increased evaporation, lower soil moisture, an increase of irrigation water, farmers may also occur for water. Emergence of the polar ice will melt, causing sea-level rise, fearing Yu Bangladesh will be low-lying areas to be submerged in water.
Long-term forecast of water needs in this issue, the factors of climate change is very high. To this end the various regions to predict climate change. Europe will have a more detailed forecast for various regions and different seasons of the climate change situation in practice in order to understand in detail the trend of climate change. For example, in Britain, expected in the north and south of the country's take-off and landing temperature and rainfall changes in the size of a difference in the season there will be changes so that the situation of climate change. Based on this thought, so that in the London suburbs of the Medway River station monthly flow projections become a reality. In such circumstances, the total traffic is forecast to reduce by 25%.
Various regions in Asia are not done in the different seasons of the forecast month, but can be calculated from the results of the European range of intelligence, a more detailed assessment will take into account climate change, with a view to more accurate prediction and long-term water needs.
Recent atmospheric circulation patterns, because of the warming effect of CO2 and sulfur oxide gas solution (aerosol) of effects of cold calculation, the temperature of the past tendency to be more reproducible. To predict the future climate change, the calculation also factors to economic growth and environmental protection policy into account.
The use of this model to calculate the size of the entire results of the Earth, in 2050, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, annual average temperature rise in region 1 ℃, the average decline in rainfall, with increased evaporation, river water and groundwater storage reduction. Cities increased as a result of climate, increase the use of water. In the fields, because increased evaporation, lower soil moisture, an increase of irrigation water, farmers may also occur for water. Emergence of the polar ice will melt, causing sea-level rise, fearing Yu Bangladesh will be low-lying areas to be submerged in water.
Long-term forecast of water needs in this issue, the factors of climate change is very high. To this end the various regions to predict climate change. Europe will have a more detailed forecast for various regions and different seasons of the climate change situation in practice in order to understand in detail the trend of climate change. For example, in Britain, expected in the north and south of the country's take-off and landing temperature and rainfall changes in the size of a difference in the season there will be changes so that the situation of climate change. Based on this thought, so that in the London suburbs of the Medway River station monthly flow projections become a reality. In such circumstances, the total traffic is forecast to reduce by 25%.
Various regions in Asia are not done in the different seasons of the forecast month, but can be calculated from the results of the European range of intelligence, a more detailed assessment will take into account climate change, with a view to more accurate prediction and long-term water needs.
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Advantages of UV disinfection to be optimistic for markets
People would always like to compare chlorine disinfection and UV disinfection. According to industry analysis, the traditional cost of chlorine disinfection is generally 0.5 ~ 1 cents / ton of water, and UV is the cost of 1 cent / tons of water about a certain degree of comparability. With the UV lamp and equipment to extend the life of the continuous optimization of the cost of the basic problems of UV disinfection is no longer a question of application. At present, more than 8,000 around the world the use of UV water treatment process of municipal wastewater treatment plant and water plant, and this data has been refreshed, with its own advantages of UV disinfection are inseparable.UV can be a more economical solution to the two insects (Cryptosporidium, Giardia) issues. Health abroad generally water, the water of the existence of Cryptosporidium, there is heightened awareness of water safety and water quality standards over the past few years UV disinfection of municipal drinking water plant to be the main reason for the large-scale applications (UV can kill Cryptosporidium death),.
In addition, UV disinfection in the control of disinfection by-products and to ensure greater safety advantage. Disinfection by-products of the more harmful, such as trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and salts are carcinogenic thinner, and in fact the actual existence of the water disinfection by-products than the standard set forth in the by-product to be a lot more.
Worldwidely, the area of UV water treatment applications in the early history, 70 years ago as a result of UV disinfection technology is not mature enough for large-scale limit the application of ultraviolet light. After the 80's and UV mature areas of sewage and water applications quickly, such as the size of 8.2 million m3 / d water plant in New York because the water quality is very good, after a simple precipitation, to the user for disinfection after water. 93 cities in the United States Cryptosporidium outbreak, because there is no filtering process, the New York water company tested contrast, has chosen to deal with UV disinfection of Cryptosporidium and expected water quality standards more stringent. In addition to New York, Washington, DC There is also a scale of one million m3 / d water plant used in UV disinfection.
Large number of disinfection in the present technologies are not an ideal means of a single disinfection, any technology has advantages and disadvantages, such as: chlorine disinfection of the security issue is mainly reflected in the use of disinfection by-products and the safety of the process and the inability to effectively control Cryptosporidium insects and other pathogens, ozone, permanganate, as well as the existence of olfactory economic issues, although recognized in all ultra-violet disinfection means in the most broad spectrum of micro-organisms can be the most economical control Cryptosporidia line virus disinfection but not very economic, the other in drinking water treatment in biological networks can not guarantee stability.
it is better to combine with different water quality, water conditions, the multi-barrier disinfection measures to ensure the safety of drinking water disinfection. A variety of means to combine the use of disinfection, each other, which is well-known UV disinfection experts point of view coincides with Liu. In addition UV + hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation technologies including pollution control of micro-algal toxins such as good results, but also in North America, Europe and other places have been very successful project cases. For example, a certain well-known industry of the 21 water plants in California. The process design of the waterworks industry won a number of design awards.
it is better to combine with different water quality, water conditions, the multi-barrier disinfection measures to ensure the safety of drinking water disinfection. A variety of means to combine the use of disinfection, each other, which is well-known UV disinfection experts point of view coincides with Liu. In addition UV + hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation technologies including pollution control of micro-algal toxins such as good results, but also in North America, Europe and other places have been very successful project cases. For example, a certain well-known industry of the 21 water plants in California. The process design of the waterworks industry won a number of design awards.
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What will be safe drinking water?
Entire drinking water is a life-long consumption of people, obviously it will not endanger the health of drinking water. According to World Health Organization definition, the so-called life-long drinking are based on the average life expectancy of 70 years as the base, to 2 liters of drinking water per person per day calculated.
Safe drinking water should also be included in the daily personal hygiene, including wash water, water mouthwash. If water containing harmful substances, these substances may take a bath, mouthwash through skin contact, respiratory absorption into the human body, thus have an impact on human health.
The basic elements of safe drinking water To ensure the safety of Epidemiology Epidemiology security refers to the water to prevent the referral of the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases to ensure that the water quality study of microbial safety.
In general, referred to water-borne diseases mainly of food-borne diseases, the main symptoms are diarrhea, the major sources of pollution is human or animal fecal contamination of water. At present, the microbial contamination of drinking water remains the greatest threat to safety.
Does not lead to acute and chronic toxicity to safe drinking water to ensure that the population will not lead to life-long consumption of acute and chronic toxicity and potential long-term harm. In recent years, the issue of chemical pollution in the water have become increasingly prominent. These chemicals in the water a long time residue, most difficult to be degradation can have a direct toxic effect on the human body.
High concentrations of short-term role in the human body can produce acute toxic effects; Long time effect of low concentration in the human body can produce chronic toxic effects. Sensory traits of a good sensory quality traits, namely, the appearance of water, color, olfactory and taste, is to determine the extent of water quality and acceptability of the primary and direct target. Consumed almost totally dependent on their senses to determine water quality and security. If the high turbidity of water, there is offensive odor or color, would feel unsafe to drink and refuse to drink. Of course, the sensory traits of good does not mean that the water is certainly safe. Drinking water must be disinfected
The purpose of drinking water disinfection is to kill or inactivation of pathogenic micro-organisms. In order to ensure safe drinking water, disinfection is necessary to do. At present, the main way of useful disinfection chlorine, chloramines, such as ozone and UV disinfection. Leading from the user in order to ensure that out of the role of water disinfection is still in the tap water may have some of the smell of disinfectants. Disinfectant by-products have the major chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, chloride, nitrile, bromate, chlorite, such as formaldehyde and.
As long as drinking water disinfection by-products does not exceed standard requirements would be no harm to human health. pH, hardness and fluoride and health-related that the water pH value of pH, clean natural pH value of water should be neutral, which is about 7. pH value of water purification are important at the time of the control target, the low pH value of the corrosion of metal pipes and containers, too easily lead to scaling, the impact of the effect of chlorine disinfection. China's drinking water standards for pH value of 6.5 ~ 8.5. PH value of drinking water in the case of the normal range does not affect human health. The hardness of water are dissolved in water by the calcium and magnesium, with calcium carbonate equivalent mg / L as the units of measurement. The hardness of drinking water when boiling water had a high fever will be scaling,also affects the taste; easy low hardness pipeline corrosion. The hardness of our drinking water standard limits set at 450 mg / L. Hardness of drinking water does not have an adverse impact on human health, most studies consider, in drinking water has a higher hardness will benefit the prevention of cardiovascular disease, and calcium is also generally necessary to add elements of the human body. Most countries the standard of drinking water hardness in the 400 ~ 500 mg / L.
Fluoride intake of drinking water are the main way. Human intake of excessive fluoride may stain the teeth infected, severe skeletal deformities will, lost the ability to work. According to our survey data, the concentration of fluoride in drinking water at 1.0 mg /L below, children with dental fluorosis incidence of less than 30%, relatively light. Each individual tolerance to different levels of fluoride, and intake may be associated with other components (such as calcium, manganese) the amount, and so poverty-stricken areas in the rural areas, fluoride is more prominent against the problem. Information has proved that the right amount of fluoride can be effective in preventing the occurrence of dental caries. Is generally believed that fluoride in drinking water at 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg / L are appropriate.
this is summary
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Guess: Next generation of water|atmospheric water
Can you imagine Atmospheric Water will be our next generation water source for portable use?
1.Water is the primary need for all living beings.
Whether tiny or great, living things need water to survive. Nearly 60-70% of the human body
is composed of water. For ages, empires have been built near sources of drinking water. For example, civilizations like Mesopotamia, Indus valley and Aztecs, are all located near major water bodies. Control of such areas has been so vital, that they have often been causes of strife between neighboring nations.
2.From the dawn of civilizations, Man has implemented several ways of procuring pure drinking water
these often correspond with the scientific and technological breakthroughs of the time. most of us to know that water treatment methods like boiling and straining, and charcoal filters and also alum to purify water.
In 20th century, mass water purification was done by filtration and was the most liked trend. However, soon enough, Human realized that filtering the water only removed the particles that were insoluble in water. Even the water that looked clean and fit to drink, contained microbes causing diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc. This led to the discovery of disinfectants like chlorine in order to purify water.Presently, chlorine came to be widely used in worldwidely for providing pure drinking water for everyone. Its pungent odor, however,
caused scientists to research further on more viable methods of water purification. During the 70s and 80s, these researches led to the
discovery of processes like reverse osmosis and ozonization.
Another result of this continuing research is that modern human has numerous methods to acquire pure drinking water. No matter where
you may be, potable water is within your reach - provided you can pay the price.
3.The downside is that industrial and technological growth has also caused us to spread pollution wherever we grow - be it the chemicals we have wantonly poured into the nearest water body or the poisonous fumes from our mammoth industries that mar the very air we breathe. Rainwater itself is no longer as pure as it used to be.
This increases the cost of drinking water purification. A low-cost answer for providing drinking water is the Four (4) stages SLO FLO water filtration system that has technology that generates pure drinking water from the air. This technology condenses atmospheric moisture and filters it through several processes in order to provide 99.99% pure drinking water. A continual supply of zero bacteria and microbes is generated by the patented continual water recirculation filtration system. This water is also 1000 times purer than any other drinking water.
The technology not only helps us obtain pure drinking water from air, it is also cost effective. Atmospheric water is 40% less expensive than
bottled water. This means a promise of a steady supply of pure drinking water wherever you go - whether it's the middle of an ocean or the midst of a desert.
4.The benefit and the limitation for autospheric water
Sure,autospheric water is the best drinking source for human,without any pollution and solid in it. However the cost for producing it is so high.We have to find the pure and clear air,and then turn them into water.All these need modern technology to suport.So our point is, perhaps in the feature,atmosphric water is not human's dream.but now,it will need man's continous working and research to develop and decrease the cost for it.
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1.Water is the primary need for all living beings.
Whether tiny or great, living things need water to survive. Nearly 60-70% of the human body
is composed of water. For ages, empires have been built near sources of drinking water. For example, civilizations like Mesopotamia, Indus valley and Aztecs, are all located near major water bodies. Control of such areas has been so vital, that they have often been causes of strife between neighboring nations.
2.From the dawn of civilizations, Man has implemented several ways of procuring pure drinking water
these often correspond with the scientific and technological breakthroughs of the time. most of us to know that water treatment methods like boiling and straining, and charcoal filters and also alum to purify water.
In 20th century, mass water purification was done by filtration and was the most liked trend. However, soon enough, Human realized that filtering the water only removed the particles that were insoluble in water. Even the water that looked clean and fit to drink, contained microbes causing diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc. This led to the discovery of disinfectants like chlorine in order to purify water.Presently, chlorine came to be widely used in worldwidely for providing pure drinking water for everyone. Its pungent odor, however,
caused scientists to research further on more viable methods of water purification. During the 70s and 80s, these researches led to the
discovery of processes like reverse osmosis and ozonization.
Another result of this continuing research is that modern human has numerous methods to acquire pure drinking water. No matter where
you may be, potable water is within your reach - provided you can pay the price.
3.The downside is that industrial and technological growth has also caused us to spread pollution wherever we grow - be it the chemicals we have wantonly poured into the nearest water body or the poisonous fumes from our mammoth industries that mar the very air we breathe. Rainwater itself is no longer as pure as it used to be.
This increases the cost of drinking water purification. A low-cost answer for providing drinking water is the Four (4) stages SLO FLO water filtration system that has technology that generates pure drinking water from the air. This technology condenses atmospheric moisture and filters it through several processes in order to provide 99.99% pure drinking water. A continual supply of zero bacteria and microbes is generated by the patented continual water recirculation filtration system. This water is also 1000 times purer than any other drinking water.
The technology not only helps us obtain pure drinking water from air, it is also cost effective. Atmospheric water is 40% less expensive than
bottled water. This means a promise of a steady supply of pure drinking water wherever you go - whether it's the middle of an ocean or the midst of a desert.
4.The benefit and the limitation for autospheric water
Sure,autospheric water is the best drinking source for human,without any pollution and solid in it. However the cost for producing it is so high.We have to find the pure and clear air,and then turn them into water.All these need modern technology to suport.So our point is, perhaps in the feature,atmosphric water is not human's dream.but now,it will need man's continous working and research to develop and decrease the cost for it.
Read more!
